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Monday, July 12, 2021

21st Century Tree-Hugging Stratei

The phrase “tree hugger” refers to an environmentalist who advocates for the preservation of woodlands. Its original historical reference is to an incident that occurred in India in 1730, when local villagers literally hugged trees in an effort to prevent foresters from chopping them down for materials to build a palace. In doing so, more than 360 villagers were killed by the foresters; but the slaughter finally stopped – and the trees lived.¹

That’s a pretty awful tale behind a phrase used to describe people trying to preserve nature. But the long-derided annals of tree huggers are now becoming an economic necessity. These days, environmental researchers say that the preservation and planting of forests is one of the easiest, most cost-efficient and most effective ways to remove harmful carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. According to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), boosting the world’s total area of forestry, woodlands and woody savannahs – which absorb and store atmospheric carbon – could limit global warming to above pre-industrial levels.²

Why does this matter? The economic, health and financial impacts of global warming and subsequent extreme weather incidents are beginning to impact us already – and will only get worse. For example, flood and homeowners insurance premiums will continue to rise to reflect more frequent and intense weather vulnerability. It’s important to ensure your household finances – both hard and financial assets – are well protected from unforeseen events. Feel free to contact us for a comprehensive insurance review.

As floods, wildfires, hurricanes and volcanoes impact vulnerable countries and communities, economists expect a surge in migration, reduced productivity and increased crime. One groundbreaking report headed by a former World Bank chief economist predicted that the economic costs of climate change could lead to a potential 20% decline in global GDP.³

The good news is that climate action is expected to drive economic growth throughout the 21st century. The recent infrastructure package proposed by the Biden administration includes investments to help the U.S. “win” the global electric vehicle market and advance clean energy to secure our electric grid.⁴ These investments are important to help the U.S. keep pace with other developed countries. For example, Europe is investing hundreds of billions of euros in renewable-energy capacity, such as zero-emission trains. China also is spending hundreds of billions of dollars to build manufacturing capacity for electric vehicles, solar panels and other clean-energy technology.⁵

Not only can tree-planting and other strategies help shore up global economies and household budgets from the detrimental effects of extreme weather events; there are aesthetic benefits as well. For example, the city of Paris is looking to replace half of its 140,000 on-street parking places throughout the city, including in residential areas, with a variety of green projects. Citizens have the option to weigh in on local projects that include planting more trees and shrubbery, urban vegetable gardens, food composting areas (similar to recycling centers), children’s playgrounds, bicycle lock-up areas and hygienic public restrooms.⁶

In short, the “green industrial revolution” is poised to provide the biggest financial opportunity since the last industrial revolution. And with the backing of every major country in the world, it may well become the biggest in history.⁷

We take pride in assisting our clients with incorporating all aspects of their life into their Retirement Roadmap 360®. Take control of your financial future and give us a call at (734) 769-1719 today to see how we may be able to help you!

¹ Cyrena Lee. Getaway House. Oct. 13, 2018. “A History of Tree Hugging.” https://journal.getaway.house/a-history-of-tree-hugging/. Accessed May 5, 2021.

² Simon L. Lewis, Charlotte E. Wheeler, Edward T. A. Mitchard and Alexander Koch. Nature. April 2, 2019. “Restoring natural forests is the best way to remove atmospheric carbon.” https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-019-01026-8. Accessed May 5, 2021.

³ Justin Worland. Time. April 15, 2021. “The Pandemic Remade Every Corner of Society. Now It’s the Climate’s Turn.” https://time.com/5953374/climate-is-everything/. Accessed May 5, 2021.

⁴ Ibid.

⁵ Ibid.

⁶ Natalie Marchant. World Economic Forum. Dec. 7, 2020. “Paris halves street parking and asks residents what they want to do with the space.” https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2020/12/paris-parking-spaces-greenery-cities/. Accessed May 5, 2021.

⁷ Dale Vince. City A.M. April 30, 2021. “The hippie economy: tree-huggers and capitalists are a match made in heaven.” https://www.cityam.com/the-hippie-economy-tree-huggers-and-capitalists-are-a-match-made-in-heaven/. Accessed May 5, 2021.

We are an independent firm helping individuals create retirement strategies using a variety of insurance products to custom suit their needs and objectives. This material is intended to provide general information to help you understand basic retirement income strategies and should not be construed as financial advice.

The information contained in this material is believed to be reliable, but accuracy and completeness cannot be guaranteed; it is not intended to be used as the sole basis for financial decisions.

Investment Advisory Services are offered by Imber Financial Group, LLC., a Registered Investment Adviser firm. Insurance services are offered through Imber Wealth Advisors, Inc. Imber Financial Group, LLC. and Imber Wealth Advisors, Inc. are affiliated companies

Wednesday, June 2, 2021

Gen X Prepares to Ascend the Throne

Generation X, comprised of adults between the ages of 40 and 55, have entered their prime earning years while at the same time enjoying a bull market for stocks. This demographic represents about a quarter of households in the U.S. (26.8%) and a similar share of

household net worth (26.9%). However, many economists see Gen X as the next generation to hold significant wealth.1

While the declining Baby Boomer generation now accounts for only 22% of American consumers, Gen X is expected to grow to more than 38 million households by 2027. Furthermore, this group is expected to reach $34.6 trillion in investable assets during that same time frame, up from holding $9.2 trillion in in 2017.2

If you or someone you know is earning a good income but has little investment experience, we’d be glad to help. Forming a trusted relationship with a financial professional can be the key to designing and achieving a plan for a financially confident retirement. Please feel free to give us a call or refer us to family, friends and colleagues.

A new study of Generation X women found that more than half (54%) of those with partners earn as much as or more than their spouse. In fact, nearly a third of Millennial and Gen X women report that they are the primary breadwinners of their household. With earnings and financial planning top of mind, about 77% of Gen X women say they are making sure their children learn about managing finances.3

However, Gen X largely represents the last of the old guard. This generation grew up believing in the American dream – get an education, work hard, buy a house with a 30-year mortgage and save for retirement. In contrast, the generations following are more skeptical of these principals. Having lived through and witnessed the effects of two recessions and a global pandemic on their parents’ finances, Millennials and Generation Z are more likely to question the cost-value proposition of a college education and the wisdom of committing to a 30-year mortgage – especially while carrying student loan debt and an auto loan.4

Gen X may be more interested in a job that provides health benefits, while younger generations tend to be more entrepreneurial, and choosing the entrepreneurial path, benefits are not always included with the job. As such, Gen X is more old school when it comes to investing, contributing to traditional savings vehicles and adopting a buy-and-hold mindset. In some ways Millennials are proving more sophisticated; using apps to actively buy and sell stocks, invest in fractional shares, and mix up their savings vehicles among tax-advantaged accounts such as a 401(k) or a Roth IRA.

In many ways, Generation X is in a prime position. Although overlooked by the larger, more influential Baby Boomers and Millennials, Gen X has benefited from being sandwiched in the middle. They’ve inherited the values of the American Dream. Many got their college education before tuitions skyrocketed and student loans became prevalent. Some had bought their first house and had a firm foothold in their career before the 2007 recession.

At the same time, they grew up with computers and easily adapted to smartphones and other new technology. Gen X has accumulated assets that are well positioned to continue growing and help ease them into retirement, not to mention the potential for inheriting wealth from their parents.5

1 Howard Schneider. US News & World Report. March 29, 2021. “Gen X Emerging From Pandemic With Firmer Grip on America’s Wallet.” https://money.usnews.com/investing/news/articles/2021-03-29/gen-x-emerging-from-pandemic-with-firmer-grip-on-americas-wallet. Accessed April 11, 2021.

dont-call-them-slackers-why-gen-x-is-really-gen. Accessed April 11, 2021.

3 Jacqueline Sergeant. Financial Advisor Magazine. April 1, 2021. “The Buck Increasingly Stops With Millennial, Gen X Women.” https://www.fa-mag.com/news/the-buck-increasingly-stops-with-millennial–gen-x-women-61202.html. Accessed April 11, 2021.

4 Andrew Lisa. Yahoo Finance. April 6, 2021. “What Millennials Can Learn From Gen X’s Money Mistakes.” https://finance.yahoo.com/news/millennials-learn-gen-x-money-201401828.html. Accessed April 11, 2021.

5 Andrew Lisa. Yahoo Finance. March 24, 2021. “Surprising Ways Gen X and Millennials Are Worlds Apart Financially.” https://finance.yahoo.com/news/surprising-ways-gen-x-millennials-110017806.html. Accessed April 11, 2021.

We are an independent firm helping individuals create retirement strategies using a variety of insurance and investment products to custom suit their needs and objectives. This material is intended to provide general information to help you understand basic financial planning strategies and should not be construed as financial or investment advice. All investments are subject to risk including the potential loss of principal. No investment strategy can guarantee a profit or protect against loss in periods of declining values.

The information contained in this material is believed to be reliable, but accuracy and completeness cannot be guaranteed; it is not intended to be used as the sole basis for financial decisions.

Friday, March 12, 2021

Retirement Planning Insights

Amid lost jobs and a scaled-back economy in 2020, some workers may have decided to retire earlier than planned. There are a couple of Social Security strategies worth considering in this scenario.

First, if both spouses are over age 62, determine if you can make ends meet by taking only one Social Security benefit while letting the other benefit accrue to a higher level. Depending on your circumstances, it may be better to let the higher earner’s benefit accrue untapped as long as possible. This tactic not only provides higher income for the latter stages of retirement, but also allows the surviving spouse to receive a higher benefit – which is important when the household income is cut in half.

A second strategy is to wait until the economy recovers and then look for another job. If you start Social Security and then go back to work in fewer than 12 months, you can stop your benefit and actually pay back the money received. That will reset your start date and enable your benefit to continue accruing until you’re ready to retire again.¹

Remember, there are various strategies you can use to create bridge income should you retire early or just want to give your Social Security benefits and/or investments more opportunity to grow. For example, if you downsize to a less expensive living arrangement, you can use excess equity to create a reliable income stream either throughout a specific period of time, or for life. Please contact us if you’d like to learn more about strategic retirement income solutions.

One of the silver linings of the pandemic was that the average savings rate among Americans increased significantly last year. According to the Bureau of Economic Analysis, the U.S. personal savings rate soared to a record 32.2% in April 2020 – which coincided with many state and local lockdowns. The previous one-month record was set back in May of 1975, at a mere 17.3%. Throughout the past decade, our savings rate has floated between 6-8%.²

Even if for only one month, Americans proved that they could live without many everyday goods and services. For the sake of saving more aggressively for retirement and other long-term goals, consider keeping your savings rate high, even post-pandemic. If that seems too challenging, consider appointing a “cut-back month” when you and your family commit to reducing expenditures just for one month. You may have done that last April; consider doing it again. If you are successful, consider deploying a cut-back month once every quarter.

What’s the best way to accumulate extra savings to build your wealth? Here are the 2021 contribution limits for various tax-advantaged accounts:³

· Employer-sponsored 401(k)/403(b) plans – $19,500 ($26,000 for age 50+)

· SIMPLE IRA and SIMPLE 401(k) – $13,500 ($16,500 for age 50+)

· Traditional and Roth IRAs – $6,000 ($7,000 for age 50+)

· Health Savings Accounts (HSAs) – $3,600 individuals; $7,200 families

If you’ve maxed out your available tax-deductible contributions, consider stashing extra cash into a Roth IRA. They’re funded with money you’ve already paid taxes on, so qualified distributions are tax free.⁴ Moreover, a Roth does not mandate required minimum distributions (RMDs) at any age, so if you don’t need that money during retirement, it’s a way to continue accumulating assets for your heirs.

While it is generally recommended that investors save at least 15% of their annual earnings to generate adequate retirement income, that number may need to be higher or lower based on what age you started saving and your retirement goals. To determine the percentage of income (“savings multiple”) you should consider saving going forward, divide your total retirement savings by your annual income.⁵

¹Ilana Polyak. BenefitsPro. Dec. 28, 2020. “3 Social Security changes coming in 2021.” https://www.benefitspro.com/2020/12/28/3-social-security-changes-coming-in-2021/. Accessed Feb. 18, 2021.

²Alex Gailey. NextAdvisor. July 31, 2020. “The Pandemic Has Resulted in Record U.S. Savings Rates, but Only for Some.” https://time.com/nextadvisor/banking/savings/us-saving-rate-soaring/. Accessed Feb. 18, 2021.

³T. Rowe Price. Feb. 4, 2021. “2021 Key Financial Numbers That You Need to Know.” https://www.troweprice.com/personal-investing/resources/insights/key-financial-numbers.html. Accessed Feb. 18, 2021.

⁴Roger Young. T. Rowe Price. Feb. 3, 2021. “What You Need to Know When Deciding Between Roth and Traditional.” https://www.troweprice.com/personal-investing/resources/insights/what-you-need-know-deciding-between-roth-and-traditional.html. Accessed Feb. 18, 2021.

⁵Judith Ward. T. Rowe Price. Feb. 4, 2021. “What Adjustments Should I Make to My Retirement Savings?” https://www.troweprice.com/personal-investing/resources/insights/what-adjustments-should-i-make-my-retirement-savings.html. Accessed Feb. 18, 2021

Sunday, February 28, 2021

How Year-End Legislation May Affect Tax Season

In late 2020, Congress passed the Consolidated Appropriations Act, which included many tax provisions and extenders as well as additional COVID-19 stimulus relief.

For example, the ability to deduct up to $300 in charitable contributions if the taxpayer doesn’t itemize has been extended for an additional year. The business meal deduction has been increased from 50% to 100% through the end of 2022. The act also extended the repayment period through Dec. 31, 2021, for employers that opted to defer employee payroll taxes in the latter part of 2020.¹

As we approach tax season, it could be beneficial to get up-to-date on provisions that may apply to your filing this year. We’re noting just a few here. We recommend you work with a qualified tax professional to understand the opportunities that may benefit you and ensure your taxes are filed accurately and on time. If you would like to learn how insurance products may help you create tax-efficient strategies moving forward, please feel free to reach out to our office.

One of the tax provisions the appropriations bill made permanent was the lower medical expense deduction floor. This means taxpayers may deduct unreimbursed medical expenses that exceed 7.5% of adjusted gross income — down from 10%. However, the bill also extended some tax provisions for another two years, including the residential energy efficient property credit.²

Speaking of energy efficiency, other credits extended for one year include the qualified fuel cell rules for alternative motor vehicles, the alternative fuel refueling property credit and the credit for two-wheeled plug-in electric vehicles.³

Penalty-free distributions from qualified retirement plans for COVID-related reasons expired at the end of 2020. However, the act offers a similar option for non-coronavirus-related disasters, such as wildfires and hurricanes. If a taxpayer is affected by any type of federally declared disaster, he may withdraw up to $100,000 from a qualified plan or IRA through June 25, 2021. Similar to the COVID-related withdrawal rules, disaster-related distributions are exempt from the 10% early withdrawal penalty that normally applies but are subject to ordinary income tax treatment. Taxpayers can repay the distribution over a three-year period with no tax implications.⁴

Note that individual COVID relief payments paid out by the Treasury are not taxable. However, eligible taxpayers who did not receive the full amount of last year’s two distributions can claim the missing amount as a Recovery Rebate Credit when they file their 2020 taxes this year.⁵

¹ Gordon Gray. American Action Forum. Dec. 22, 2020. “Major Tax Policy Changes in the Consolidated Appropriations Act.” https://www.americanactionforum.org/insight/major-tax-policy-changes-in-the-consolidated-appropriations-act/. Accessed Feb. 4, 2021.

² Alistair M. Nevius. Journal of Accountancy. Dec. 27, 2020. “Many tax provisions appear in year-end coronavirus relief bill.” https://www.journalofaccountancy.com/news/2020/dec/tax-provisions-in-covid-19-relief-bill-ppp-and-business-meal-deductibility.html. Accessed Feb. 4, 2021.

³ KPMG. Dec. 29, 2020. “United States – President Signs COVID-19 Relief Legislation, Tax Provisions Enacted.” https://home.kpmg/xx/en/home/insights/2020/12/flash-alert-2020-514.html. Accessed Feb. 4, 2021.

⁴ Robert Bloink and William H. Byrnes. ThinkAdvisor. February 02, 2021. “Year-End Stimulus: What Changed for Retirement Plan Participants.” https://www.thinkadvisor.com/2021/02/02/year-end-stimulus-what-changed-for-retirement-plan-participants/. Accessed Feb. 4, 2021.

⁵ IRS. Jan. 12, 2021. “IRS ready for the upcoming tax season; last-minute changes to tax laws included in IRS forms and instructions.” https://www.irs.gov/newsroom/irs-ready-for-the-upcoming-tax-season-last-minute-changes-to-tax-laws-included-in-irs-forms-and-instructions. Accessed Feb. 4, 2021.

The information contained in this material is believed to be reliable, but accuracy and completeness cannot be guaranteed; it is not intended to be used as the sole basis for financial decisions. If you are unable to access any of the news articles and sources through the links provided in this text, please contact us to request a copy of the desired reference.

Wednesday, February 17, 2021

Preparing for a Loved One's Death

America began 2021 experiencing the worst days of the COVID-19 pandemic. As of Feb. 1, case numbers continued to rise, with recorded deaths since January 2020 ranging from 413,196¹ to 441,409², depending on sources used (CDC provisional count waits for a death certificate, which can cause up to a two-week delay). Fox News reports that funeral homes in some areas of the country are swamped with new business. Services at some homes have increased from an average of 35 to 50 funerals a month to 100 to 150 in a single month.³

In response to the increase in funerals and efforts to contain further spread of the coronavirus, the CDC offers funeral guidance on how to plan and hold funeral services and visitations during the COVID-19 pandemic.⁴ However, when it comes to figuring out how to pay for burial and funeral services, most families are on their own. Social Security, Medicare and Medicaid do not reimburse these expenses, and only under the most dire circumstances do local government programs cover the cost of an “indigent” burial or cremation.⁵

If your circumstances are not dire, be aware that the cost of burial and funeral services can run quite high. With the exception of a house or a car, they may well be the biggest expense many families incur in a lifetime. One way to pay for funeral expenses is to purchase some form of life insurance. Please let us know if you’d like recommendations based on your circumstances.

The most recent statistics put the average cost of a funeral between $7,000 and $12,000, which generally includes viewing and burial, basic service fees, transporting remains to a funeral home, a casket, embalming and other preparation. Be aware that while there are regulations related to preserving remains prior to burial or cremation, embalming is not required and is one way to save money if you opt for a direct funeral. Also note that embalming can be avoided through cremation, which runs the gamut from $1,000 to $8,000, depending on options selected.⁶

It’s also important to know that none of these estimates include the cost of a cemetery plot, monument, marker or flowers. If you are aware of an impending death, you can shop for things like a casket and liner at other places than the selected funeral home.

There are two ways you can “prepay” for your own funeral. One is through a prepaid plan with a funeral home, wherein you select your options ahead of time and pay a fixed cost via lump sum or installments over time. The other is to earmark money for your survivors to use for funeral costs. This can be through a bank account with a designated beneficiary authorized for a “transfer on death” (TOD) distribution after submitting a death certificate.⁷ Or, it can be through some form of life insurance paid out to the beneficiary who will handle your funeral arrangements.

It’s a good idea to both discuss these arrangements ahead of time and leave written instructions for your loved ones. It is very difficult to plan a funeral when grieving, so written directions of both your preferences and how to pay for them are very helpful during this time. Be aware that if you do not make some type of arrangement for payment ahead of time, and your family cannot decide how to pay, the decision may be left up to the probate judge who handles your estate. In this case, the person(s) most likely assigned the cost will be the closest relative(s) by blood or marriage (e.g., spouse, parents, children, siblings).⁸

¹ Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Feb. 1, 2021. “Daily Updates of Totals by Week and State.” https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/nvss/vsrr/COVID19/index.htm. Accessed Feb. 1, 2021.

² Johns Hopkins University & Medicine. Feb. 1, 2021. “Coronavirus Resource Center/New Cases as of February 01, 2021.” https://coronavirus.jhu.edu. Accessed Feb. 1, 2021.

³ Hunter Davis. Fox News. Jan. 18, 2021. “Coronavirus surge increases strain on funeral homes: ‘Our morgues are too full’.” https://www.foxnews.com/us/coronavirus-funeral-homes-morgues. Accessed Jan. 26, 2021.

⁴ Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Dec. 28, 2020. “Funeral Guidance for Individuals and Families.” https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/daily-life-coping/funeral-guidance.html. Accessed Feb. 1, 2021.

⁵ Nolo. 2021. “Who Pays for Funeral Costs?” https://www.nolo.com/legal-encyclopedia/who-pays-for-funeral-costs.html. Accessed Jan. 26, 2021.

⁶ Lincoln Heritage Funeral Advantage. 2021. “How Much Does a Funeral Cost?” https://www.lhlic.com/consumer-resources/average-funeral-cost/. Accessed Jan. 26, 2021.

⁷ Eric Reed. SmartAsset. Aug. 21, 2019. “Transfer on Death (TOD) Accounts for Estate Planning.” https://smartasset.com/estate-planning/tod-account. Accessed Jan. 26, 2021.

⁸ Nolo. 2021. “Who Pays for Funeral Costs?” https://www.nolo.com/legal-encyclopedia/who-pays-for-funeral-costs.html. Accessed Jan. 26, 2021.

Saturday, February 13, 2021

When To "Buy Low"

The beginning of the year is typically full of hope. We make New Year’s resolutions, and it may take a few months for our enthusiasm (and vigilance) to wane. There’s also the “January Effect,” when the stock market generally gets a performance boost thanks to tax harvesting in December and subsequent reinvestments. But even that phenomenon tends to fade.¹

When it comes to investing in the stock market, we recommend a strategic approach. First, you want to consider your big picture — which includes how you ultimately want to use accumulated assets (e.g., college tuition, retirement) and when you’ll need them. You also want to make sure you don’t take on too much risk, so that requires a strategic asset allocation across a diverse group of investments. Finally, one of the basic tenets of stock investing is to buy low and sell high. We can help you with all of these tactics.

We expect 2021 to be an interesting year. Assuming wide distribution of COVID-19 vaccines and successful containment of the virus, the economy should get back on track. But as we saw in 2020, even the coronavirus didn’t have a long-term impact on the stock market.

With that said, Merrill Lynch sees a broad market uptrend in 2021. In equities, the money manager sees upside in cyclical sectors (e.g., financials, materials, industrials), U.S. small-cap value stocks and emerging markets — which are supported by the continued downtrend in the U.S. dollar.² Bear in mind that while some of these investments pose higher risk, they also follow the tenet of buying low and selling high. The key is to find stocks that are currently selling at low prices but have the potential to rise given (1) the current economic environment, (2) market trends and (3) individual company fundamentals.

When rebalancing, if prices seem too high to reinvest, don’t be hesitant to hold cash for a short time. Investment legend Warren Buffett maintained a highly liquid allocation over the past year, but he did so in preparation to pounce on good buying opportunities when they surfaced.⁴

On the other hand, there are times when buying low may not be advisable. For example, airline stocks continue to struggle despite congressional relief. Industry experts predict that revenues are unlikely to return to pre-pandemic levels for several years.⁵

Note that stocks tend to rise on positive news, especially if that news shows some promise of economic growth. A good example of this is when, on Jan. 19, Treasury Secretary nominee Janet Yellen advised Congress to “act big” with regard to increased coronavirus stimulus relief. Following her remarks, the Dow Jones Industrial Average rebounded from a recent losing streak and both the S&P 500 and the Nasdaq made significant gains.⁶

¹Eric Reed. The Street. Jan. 17, 2021. “January Effect: What Is It and Why Does It Occur?” https://www.thestreet.com/investing/what-is-the-january-effect. Accessed Jan. 20, 2021.

² Merrill Lynch. January 2021. “Weak Periods May Be Buying Opportunities.” https://olui2.fs.ml.com/Publish/Content/application/pdf/GWMOL/Viewpoint_January_2021_Merrill.pdf. Accessed Jan. 20, 2021.

³ Sachin Nagarajan. Morningstar. Jan. 15, 2021. “A Responsible Version of Market-Timing.” https://www.morningstar.com/articles/1017362/a-responsible-version-of-market-timing. Accessed Jan. 20, 2021.

⁴ Theron Mohamed. Business Insider. Jan. 18, 2021. “Warren Buffett advised NFL linesman Ndamukong Suh to be ready to buy when bargains appear.” https://markets.businessinsider.com/news/stocks/warren-buffett-advises-ndamukong-suh-be-ready-buy-bargains-2021-1-1029977459. Accessed Jan. 20, 2021.

⁵ Alan Farley. Investopedia. Dec. 22, 2020. “Wrong Time to Buy Airline Stocks.” https://www.investopedia.com/wrong-time-to-buy-airline-stocks-5093391. Accessed Jan. 20, 2021.

⁶ Joseph Woelfel. The Street. Jan. 19, 2021. “Stocks End Higher as Yellen Tells Congress to ‘Act Big’ on Stimulus.” https://www.thestreet.com/markets/stock-market-dow-jones-industrial-average-banks-yellen-011921. Accessed Jan. 20, 2021.